Business Start-Ups Canada or USA?

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  Every research project requires "producing valid and reliable knowledge in an ethical manner" (Merriam and Tisdell, 2016, p.237). Collecting and analysing data requires interaction with organizations and individuals (Saunders et al., 2019), and the findings must be reliable because researchers intervene in people's lives (Merriam and Tisdell, 2016). Being ethical in research refers to the standards of behaviour that influence the researchers' conduct toward the individuals involved or affected by the study. Ethical quandaries can arise during research, particularly when collecting data and disseminating the results (Merriam and Tisdell, 2016). Given the current global circumstances, the authors were unable to meet and collaborate on a regular basis; however, constant communication was maintained throughout the completion of this work. The researchers believe that the code of ethics has been followed, and by following the ethical principles outlined in Saunders et al...
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Cross-Border Entrepreneurship Canadian Edition

 but not the provision of a service in the area of a Party by a covered investment; business refers to a company as described in Article 1.5 (General Definitions) or a branch of a business A professional service is one that can only be provided by someone with specialized post-secondary education, or equivalent training or experience, and for which a party grants or limits the right to practice. It does not include services provided by a tradesperson or a member of a ship or plane's crew If a Party says that a service is provided by the government, that means that it is not provided for profit or in competition with other service providers.

Specialty air service is a specific type of business that uses an airplane whose main job isn't to carry people or goods. Examples include aerial firefighting, flight training, sightseeing, spraying, surveying, mapping, photography, parachute jumping, glider towing, helicopter lift for logging and construction, and other agricultural, industrial, and inspection services that can be done from the air.This chapter covers rules that a Party makes or keeps up that allow a service provider from another Party to trade services across borders. These rules can be about:

People from one Party who want to provide or provide a service are called service suppliers of another Party


Putting together, selling, delivering, or distributing a service; the use of or payment for a service; the production, distribution, marketing, use, or delivery of a service being able to connect to or use transportation, communication, or marketing networks or services in order to provide a service; the fact that a service provider from another party is in the area of the party; or requiring a bond or some other form of cash security in exchange for a service. Besides the first paragraph: Development and Administration of Measures) concern rules that a Party makes or keeps up that have to do with a covered investment providing a service in that party's area; and Annex 15-A (Delivery Services) covers any rules that a Party makes or keeps about providing delivery services, even if they are provided by a covered business.
This Chapter Doesn't Cover:

financial service as defined in Article 17.1 (Definitions), with the exception that paragraph 2(a) applies if the financial service is provided by a covered investment that is not a covered investment in a financial institution as defined in Article 17.1 (Definitions) in the Party's territory; government purchases a function provided by the government; or a loan, guarantee, or insurance that is backed by the government and given by a party or a state business. This Chapter does not cover any air services, such as planned or unscheduled domestic or international air travel, or any services that support air services. The only ones that are not covered are:

repairs or maintenance work on an airplane that takes the plane out of service, but not so-called "line maintenance"; and special types of air travel.This Chapter doesn't require a Party to do anything about a national of another Party who wants to work in its job market or is already working there permanently, and it doesn't give that national any rights in relation to that entry or employment. There are more rules about this Chapter in Annex 15-B (Committee on Transportation Services) and Annex 15-D (Programming Services).Each Party must treat the services or service providers of another Party in the same way that it treats its own services and service providers in the same situation.

When a Party says it will treat a government other than the central level


It means that the government must treat that government no less favorably than it treats services and service suppliers of the Party that the government is a part of in similar situations. To be more specific, whether the treatment mentioned in line 1 is given in "like circumstances" depends on the whole situation, such as whether the treatment makes a difference between services or service providers for good public welfare reasons. Each Party must treat services or service providers of another Party in the same way that it treats services or service providers of another Party or a non-Party in the same situation. When a Party says it will treat a government other than the central level fairly, it means treating that government no less fairly than the most favorable way that government treats services and service suppliers from another Party or a non-Party in the same situation.

For clarity's sake, whether the treatment mentioned in paragraph 1 is given in "like circumstances" depends on the whole situation, such as whether the treatment makes a difference between services or service providers based on reasonable public welfare goals.No Party can pass or keep in place, either for a small part of its area or for the whole of it, a measure that sets limits on: the number of service providers, perhaps through a numerical cap, monopoly, exclusive service providers, or the need for an economic needs test; the total value of goods or services in the form of a number limit or the need to pass an economic needs test, a limit that tells you how many service operations you can have or how much service output you can have in a certain number of units; or the results of an economic needs test If one Party thinks that a non-conforming measure put in place by a regional level of government of another Party, as described in subparagraph 1(a)(ii), makes it harder for services to cross borders for that party, that party can ask for consultations on that measure. These parties will meet to talk about how the measure is working and to figure out if any other steps are needed or would be better. To be clear, a Party can ask to talk to another Party about measures that don't follow the rules taken by the central government, as mentioned in subparagraph.

the maximum number of people who can work in a certain service area or for a service provider and who are directly related to and needed for the provision of a certain service


Either as a numerical quota or the result of an economic needs test; or limits or requires a certain type of legal company or joint venture that a service provider can use to offer their service.As a condition for providing a service across borders, no party can make a service provider from another party set up or keep up a representative office or business in its area or live there. And Article 15.6 (Local Presence) don't cover the following: a Party that has an existing measure that doesn't follow the rules and keeps it in place at: the top level of government, as described by that Party in its Schedule to Annex I; a level of government for an area, as described by that party in its Schedule to Annex I, or an area-based government; the continuation or quick restart of a measure that doesn't follow the rules mentioned in (a); or an addition to a measure that doesn't follow the rules mentioned in the previous paragraph, as long as the addition doesn't make the measure less in line with Article 15.3 (National Treatment), Article 15.4 (Most-Favored-Nation Treatment), Article 15.5 (Market Access), or Article 15.6 (Local Presence). These articles—Articles 15.3 (National Treatment), 15.4 (Most-Favored-Nation Treatment), 15.5 (Market Access), and 15.6 (Local Presence)—do not cover a measure that a Party adopts or keeps for certain activities, sectors, or sub-sectors that that Party lists in its Schedule to Annex II.

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